Basics in OOPS

Object-oriented programming has become the most widely used approach to software development. Learn about the core concepts of object-oriented programming and how they are implemented using objects, classes and methods in this video lesson.

What Is an Object in Programming?

Object-oriented programming, or OOP, is an approach to problem solving where all computations are carried out using objects. An object is a component of a program that knows how to perform certain actions and how to interact with other elements of the program. Objects are the basic units of object-oriented programming. A simple example of an object would be a person. Logically, you would expect a person to have a name. This would be considered a property of the person. You could also expect a person to be able to do something, such as walking or driving. This would be considered a method of the person.

Code in object-oriented programming is organized around objects. Once you have your objects, they can interact with each other to make something happen. Let's say you want to have a program where a person gets into a car and drives it from A to B. You would start by describing the objects, such as a person and car. That includes methods: a person knows how to drive a car, and a car knows what it is like to be driven. Once you have your objects, you bring them together so the person can get into the car and drive.

Classes and Objects

A class is a blueprint of an object. You can think of a class as a concept, and the object is the embodiment of that concept. You need to have a class before you can create an object. So, let's say you want to use a person in your program. You want to be able to describe the person and have the person do something. A class called 'person' would provide a blueprint for what a person looks like and what a person can do. To actually use a person in your program, you need to create an object. You use the person class to create an object of the type 'person.' Now you can describe this person and have it do something.

Classes are very useful in programming. Consider the example of where you don't want to use just one person but 100 people. Rather than describing each one in detail from scratch, you can use the same person class to create 100 objects of the type 'person.' You still have to give each one a name and other properties, but the basic structure of what a person looks like is the same.

Methods and Functions

Once you have created objects, you want them to be able to do something. This is where methods come in. A method in object-oriented programming is a procedure associated with a class. A method defines the behavior of the objects that are created from the class. Another way to say this is that a method is an action that an object is able to perform. The association between method and class is called binding. Consider the example of an object of the type 'person,' created using the person class. Methods associated with this class could consist of things like walking and driving. Methods are sometimes confused with functions, but they are distinct.

A function is a combination of instructions that are combined to achieve some result. A function typically requires some input (called arguments) and returns some results. For example, consider the example of driving a car. To determine the mileage, you need to perform a calculation using the distance driven and the amount of fuel used. You could write a function to do this calculation. The arguments going into the function would be distance and fuel consumption, and the result would be mileage. Anytime you want to determine the mileage, you simply call the function to perform the calculation.

How does this differ from a method? A function is independent and not associated with a class. You can use this function anywhere in your code, and you don't need to have an object to use it.

Now, what if you were to associate the function with an object of the type 'car?' For example, you want to be able display the mileage of the car on the dashboard. In this case, the mileage calculation has become a method because it is a procedure associated with the car's class. Every time you create a new object of the type 'car' using the car class, this method will be part of the object. The action the car is now able to perform is to calculate mileage. It is the same calculation as performed by the stand-alone function but is now bound to the car.

Family Relationships to be known 2

Basic words 

father – somebody’s male parent

mother – somebody’s female parent

parent – somebody’s father or mother

son – somebody’s male child

daughter – somebody’s female child

husband – the man who a woman is married to

wife – the woman who a man is married to

spouse – somebody married to another person; husband or wife

brother – a boy or man who has the same parents as another person

sister – a girl or woman who has the same parents as another person

sibling – a brother or sister

elder brother/sister – a brother/sister who is older than you

younger brother/sister – brother/sister who is younger than you

grandfather – somebody’s parent’s father

grandmother – somebody’s parent’s mother

grandparent – somebody’s parent’s parent

great grandfather – a father of your grandparent

great grandmother – a mother of your grandparent

grandson – somebody’s son’s or daughter’s son

granddaughter – somebody’s son’s or daughter’s daughter

grandchild – somebody’s son’s or daughter’s child

uncle – somebody’s mother’s or father’s brother; your aunt’s husband

aunt – somebody’s mother’s or father’s sister; your uncle’s wife

nephew – somebody’s brother’s or sister’s son; your husband’s or wife’s brother’s or sister’s son

niece – somebody’s brother’s or sister’s daughter; your husband’s or wife’s brother’s or sister’s daughter

cousin – somebody’s parent’s brother’s or sister’s child; somebody’s aunt’s or uncle’s child

stepfather – your mother’s husband (not your real father)

stepmother – your father’s wife (not your real mother)

stepbrother – your stepfather’s or stepmother’s son (at least one of your parents is different)

stepsister – your stepfather’s or stepmother’s daughter (at least one of your parents is different)

stepson – your spouse’s son (from an earlier marriage)

stepdaughter – your spouse’s daughter (from an earlier marriage)

father-in-law – your spouse’s father

mother-in-law – your spouse’s mother

brother-in-law – your spouse’s brother

sister-in-law – your spouse’s sister

son-in-law – your daughter’s husband

daughter-in-law – your son’s wife

boyfriend – a boy or man that a girl or woman goes out with

girlfriend – a girl or woman that a boy or man goes out with

widow – a woman whose husband has died

widower – a man whose wife has died

bachelor – a man who has never been married

spinster – a woman who has never been married

single – a person who isn’t married and doesn’t have a boyfriend/girlfriend

12 Words and Phrases with Examples

1. baby – a very young child

• I always do some housework when the baby is sleeping in the afternoon.

2. infant – a baby or very young child, newborn child

• My sister is 14 years old, but sometimes she acts like an infant.

3. toddler – a young child who has just learnt to walk

• Toddlers can walk, but they don’t always talk yet.

4. marriage – legal relationship between a husband and wife

• She only has a stepdaughter from her husband’s first marriage, but she likes her as her own.
• 5. marry (sb), get married to sb – become somebody’s husband or wife
  • My father was 29 and my mother was 25 when they got married.
  6. go out (with sb) – spend time with somebody and have a romantic or sexual relationship with them
  • My parents had been going out for two years before they got married.
  • My mother doesn’t like that I go out with Tom; she says he’s too old for me.
  7. get engaged – agree to marry somebody
  • Imagine, my sister has just got engaged to a footballer, they’re planning to get married in the summer.
  8. wedding – the act of marrying, a marriage ceremony (and the meal or party that usually follows it)
• 9. bride – a woman on her wedding day, or just before or just after it
  10. (bride)groom – a man on his wedding day, or just before or just after it
  • The prince’s wedding ceremony will take place in the cathedral. Then the bride and the groom will be taken to the wedding reception in an open Rolls Royce.
  11. honeymoon – a holiday taken by a couple who have just got married
  We couldn’t go to the Bahamas on honeymoon, but we felt sitting on the top of the world even in a campsite at the local lake.
  12. divorce – the legal ending of a marriage; end your marriage legally
• Unfortunately, very many marriages end in a divorce in our country.
• She divorced her husband immediately when she learned he had a secret girlfriend.
• My friend and his wife got divorced at last, after long years of quarrel and disagreement.
• If you absolutely enjoyed this English lesson, please share it with your friends and leave your comment below! Would be great to hear from you!

Family Relationships to be known 1

Male	Female	Relationship
father	mother	parent
son	daughter	child
husband	wife	spouse
brother	sister	sibling
grandfather	grandmother	grandparents
grandson	granddaughter	grandchild
uncle	aunt	parent's sibling
nephew	niece	sibling's child
cousin	cousin	aunt's/uncle's child

Handling Job Search Rejection

Ajay went for his first round of the interview and could immediately tell that he is through. So he was not at all taken aback when he received the call for the next round with the head of the department. He was ready for it and turned out to be the finalist too, and began reciting the HR question answers. However, he could not clear the last round and was rejected!

This all may sound a little dramatic or a little familiar, but most of us have been rejected at one interview or the other. In fact, the scenario is quite common among freshers as stepping into an environment of cut throat competition from the sheltered college life is not easy!

Getting rejected in a job interview is something which should be handled normally without exaggerating, for you never know what the destiny has in store for you.

Here are a few tips on how you should deal with the rejection, and move on to better, brighter things.

1) Never take it personally

A job interview is never a parameter of your value as a professional. You were dropped only because your job application didn’t match the specific job criteria. It may or may not concern with how you shown up at the interview. Just because you didn’t turn up the best match does not mean that you’re not skilled. Remember even the best and the experienced candidates also face rejection. But only those who stay calm, positive, motivated turn out to be successful.

2) Search the perfect job perfectly

It’s no use hiding in your bed or stopping your job search after being dropped in the first interview. The better way to ward off the effects is to search smartly this time. Not researching about the company, the required profile and skills are some of the common goof ups made by job seekers.

Every job posting has a job description which you should read carefully. Further, researching about the company, its work culture and values can also be highly helpful in your perfect job search.

3) Avoid needless anguish

Some jobs are worth fighting for, but dwelling on them needlessly is not! Cutting the contacts with your friends or avoiding socializing with people will lead you nowhere. So, get up and focus on your goal of finding the right job as opposed to the wrong one.

4) Don’t beat a dead horse

Never seek explanation for the rejection directly. It gives a negative feedback of you as a person. Instead of asking directly why you were rejected, the better strategy is to seek guidance regarding the areas you should improve. Also, you may inform the interviewer that you look forward to appear for the next interview that comes up.

5) Look to the positive side

If you are a true optimist, you must believe in the adage that "everything happens for a reason" and this rejection is telling you to keep looking and moving forward.

WHAT IT SECTOR WANTS?

IT job interview is difficult. It does not mean, however, that you should give up easily on the opportunity or the pay package. In fact, you should develop negotiating skills to make the most of the opportunity in front of you. However, this skill should be used after giving your best shot at the interview. In order to help you make the best out of the interview, take a look at these do’s and don’ts.

The 5 Don’ts

1. Don’t be too demanding and unrealistic about remuneration, title etc. This is just the beginning and a way to get into the industry.
2. Don’t be rude but present your points and concerns well. The interviewer should get the feeling that you are confident and clear in your thoughts and this can also impact your pay package.
3. Don’t disrespect but don’t be overwhelmed also by the interviewer. They are just your seniors who have also gone through this phase. So, don’t make yourself too gullible in front of them, because that would give signals that you would easily agree to what they say.
4. Don’t just look at the salary offered but take into account the company, its work culture, role, scope for growth etc. Negotiate, keeping these things in mind.
5. Don’t settle for something which is way below your expectations. Instead, use your negotiating skills. Don’t hesitate to walk away from a very bad deal. This is not the last interview that you will get, there sure will be more opportunities in future.

The 5 Do’s

1. Your resume holds the water. So, highlight those parts which can help you in getting that job. Think of what a prospective employer would be interested in. Hence, build upon your resume because you would be able to negotiate on the basis of its content.
2. Understand the requirements of the job well and also the industry.
3. Keep updating and enriching yourself because you belong to an ever-dynamic and fluid IT industry. If you have knowledge about the modern-day skills, you can command monetary benefits against those skills.
4. Get a good score in exams like AMCAT, eLitmus or CoCubes. These kinds of scores help you differentiate and stand apart from the rest of the crowd.
5. Be confident and optimistic as these two skills can do wonders for you.

Get professional help

Prepare well for the interview. The better prepared you are, the better are your chances to ace the IT job interview. And if you think, you need professional help, reach out to experts in the field like TalentSprint. Firstly, they will help you prepare well and get high scores in exams like AMCAT, eLitmus or CoCubes which have become a tool to differentiate from the crowd. Secondly, they can help you get trained professionally to face the interviews with multiple sessions from both subject experts and soft skills trainers.

Introduction to C#

What is Structure in C#

Structure is a user-defined value type which encapsulates member data and member function.

A struct is a user-defined value type. It is declared in a very similar way to a class, except that it can't inherit from any class, nor can any class inherit from it (as mentioned\ previously, however, all value types do inherit from System.object), The following example shows a partial declaration for a 'Coordinate' struch.

What is enumeration in C#

An enumeration is a special set of numeric type string literals which considered as a constants.

An enumeration is a special kind of value type limited to a restricted and unchangeable set of numerical values. By default, these numerical values are integers, but they can also be longs, bytes, etc. (any numerical/value except char) as will be illustrated below.

 

Type of String in C#

A string is an empty space, a character, a word, or a group of words.

A string is an empty space, a character, a word, or a group of words that you want the compiler to consider "as is", that is, not to pay too much attention to what the string is made of, unless you explicitly ask it to. This means that, in the strict sense, you can put in a string anything you want.

Type of Array

An array is a group or collection of similar type of elements.

An array is a group or collection of similar values. An array contains a number of variables, which are accessed through computed indexes. The various value contained in an array are also called the elements of array. All elements of an array have to be of same type, and this type is called the element type of the array. The element of an array can be of any type including an array type.

What is Scope of Variable

In the body of a method, you can also declare variables that would be used internally. A variable declared in the body is referred to as a local variable. It cannot be accessed outside of the method it belongs to. After declaring a local variable, it is made available to the method and you can use it.

Type of Method in C#

The Function defined with in class is called method. It is a code designed to work on the member data of class.

Methods are operations associated with types. To provide a type with methods is to give it some useful functionality. Often this functionality is made generally available, so that it can be utilized by other types.

Multiple Main() Functions in C#

C# has a strong feature in which we can define more than one class with the Main method. Since Main is the entry point for the program execution, there are now more than one entry points. In fact, there should be only one entry point. Which will be resolved by specifying which Main is to be used to the compiler at the time of compilation as shown below:

Command Line Arguments

Command line arguments are parameters supplied to the Main method at the time of invoking it for execution. To understand the concepts see the example given below:

Program of Command line argument to accept name from the command line and writes to the console. (Sample.cs)

What is Namespace in C#

When many people work in creating the same program, it could be difficult to keep track of the names of various classes. If more than one programmer creates a class with the same name in the same program, there would be conflict and the program would not work. The solution to avoid this situation is to delimit sections of code with names.

Types of Statements in C#

Like C++ it contains three types of statements.

1. Simple Statements

2. Compound Statements

3. Control Statements

A Simple C# Program

Let's begin in the traditional way, by looking at the code of a Hello World program.

1. using System;

2. public class HelloWorld

3. {

4. public static void Main()

5. {

6. II This is a single line comment

7. /* This is a

8. multiple

9. line comment */

10. Console.WriteLine("Hello World! ");

11. }

12. }

Explain C# Data Type

C# is a type-safe language Variables· are declared as .being of a particular type; and each variable is constrained to hold only values of its declared type.

Variables can hold either value types or reference types, or they can be pointers. Here's a quick recap of the difference between value types and reference types.

C# KEYWORDS

C# uses a series of words, called keywords, for its internal use. This means that you must avoid naming your objects using one of these keywords.

Identifiers And Variables

Identifiers refer to the names of variables, functions arrays, classes, etc. created by programmer. They are fundamental requirement of any language. Each language has its own rules for naming these identifiers.

To name the variables of your program, you must follow strict rules. In fact, everything else in your program must have a name.

There are some rules you must follow when naming your objects. On this site, here are the rules we will follow:

• The name must start with a letter or an underscore or the at symbol @.

• After the first letter or underscore, the name can have letters, digits, and/or underscores.

• The name must not have any special characters other than the underscore.

• The name cannot have a space.

• It should not a keyword.

C# is case-sensitive. This means that the names Case, case, and CASE are completely different. For example, the main function is always written Main.

FEATURES OF C#

Simplicity

All the Syntax of java is like C++. There is no preprocessor and much larger library. C# code does not require header files. All code is written inline.

Consistent Behavior

C# introduced a unified type system which eliminates the problem of varying ranges of integer types. All types are treated as objects and developers can extend the type system simply and easily.

Modern Programming Language

C# supports number of modem features, such as:

• Automatic Garbage Collection

• Error handling features

• Modern debugging features

• Robust Security features

Pure Object-Oriented Programming Language

In C#, every thing is an object. There are no more global functions, variable and constants.

It supports all three object oriented features:

• Encapsulation

• Inheritance

• Polymorphism

How to Comparing C# to C++ and Java

Microsoft Corporation developed a new computer programming language C# pronounced as 'C- Sharp'. C# is a simple, modem, object oriented, and type safe programming language derived from C and C++. C# is a purely object-oriented language like as Java. It has been designed to support the key features of .NET framework. Like Java, C# is a descendant language of C++ which is descendant of C language.

What is Visual Studio.NET

What is Visual Studio.NET

Many people always get confused with Visual Studio .NET (VS.NET) and .NET technology. VS.NET is just an editor, provided by Microsoft to help developers to write .NET programs easily. VS.NET editor automatically generates lot of code, allow developers to drag and drop controls to a form, provide short cuts to compile and build the application etc.

VS.NET is not a required thing to do .NET programming. You can simply use a notepad or any other simple editor to write your .NET code. And you can compile your .NET programs from the command prompt. Well, what we said is true theoretically but if you decide to use notepad for .NET programming, by the time you develop few sample applications, Microsoft would have introduced some other new technology and .NET would be outdated. You may not want that. So, let us go by VS.NET, because it makes things much easier for us.

The following is the list of some of the features of Visual Studio .NET:

1. Visual studio automates the step required to compile source code.

2. The Visual Studio text editor is very intelligent; it can detect errors and suggests code as appropriate as you required.

3. The Visual Studio designer for Windows Forms and Web Forms applications, allowing simple Drag and drop design of User Interface elements.

4. The Visual Studio contains many powerful tools for visualizing and navigating through the elements of our projects, whether they are C# code files or other resources such as bitmap images or sound files.

5. The Visual Studio enables us to use advance debugging techniques when developing projects, such as ability to step through code one instruction at a time while keeping an eye on the state of our application.

WORKING WITH VISUAL STUDIO .NET

Visual Studio is a very user friendly tool. But there is enough stuff to confuse anyone new to Visual Studio family. The purpose of this section is to make you familiar with different options in Visual Studio.NET (VS.NET) We will not cover the entire visual studio guide. We are just explaining the most commonly used features of VS.NET.

When you work on any project, VS.NET has several child windows to assist you in the application development. These windows are attached on the left, bottom and right sides of the main window. You can click on these small windows to expand it and see the content of them. Some of the most commonly used child windows are explained below. Most of these windows will be enabled only when you have created a project and working on a WebForm/ WinForm.

Toolbox

Toolbox provides all the drag and drop controls for your application. Depending on the kind of application you are working on, the toolbox will show appropriate controls and you can drag and drop them to your form. If you are developing a web application, toolbox will. Show ASP .NET controls and if you are developing a Windows application, it will show Windows controls (like Radio button, text box, buttons etc).

You can simply drag and drop any controls from the toolbox to your form. After you drag and drop any control, double click on the control to go the default event associated with the control.

The Toolbox will be enabled only when you have a WebForm or WinForm opened in Design mode and is usually located on TOP LEFT corner of the VS.NET.

By default, all windows including Toolbox will be displayed as Minimized (Marked as A in figure). You will see only the small icon and the text 'Toolbox' written vertically on the left bar of VS.NET. You can click on this minimized window to expand it (Expanded window is marked as C in figure). When you move the mouse away from the window, it will again automatically minimize. You can keep the toolbox always expanded by pressing the pushpin.

                   

The above behavior is common for all the windows explained below. They will be minimized by default and you can point the mouse over it to expand it. Use the pushbutton to keep it expanded.

Design mode & HTML mode

If you are developing a web application, you can switch between design mode and HTML mode for any web form. When you are in HTML mode, it will show you the HTML tags and ASP.NET code and you can manually edit it. You can switch to the Design mode by clicking the Design button on BOTTOM LEFT corner ofVS.NET (see figure). In design mode, you can see how your ASP.NET page is going to look like when some one views your web page. Also, you can drag and drop controls from the toolbox, which will automatically generate the HTML for it.

Typically, developers switch between these two modes very frequently. You can go to design mode to drag/drop controls, right click on the controls to set correct properties etc. Then, click on the HTML mode to view the generated HTML. You can manually make changes to the automatically generated HTML. If you change any properties in HTML mode, the changes will be reflected when you switch to Design Mode.

                        

Solution. Explorer

Solution Explorer, located on TOP RIGHT corner of VS.NET, displays your solution, all projects included in each solution and the list of files in each project. They are listed in the form of a tree control.

Typically, for a single application, you will have 1 solution and one or more projects. When you create a new application, you have to create single Visual Studio project. In more complex applications, there may be more than one projects. All these projects are grouped into a single solution. Even if you do not create a solution separately, a solution will be automatically created for you.

                 

To add a new file to your project, you can right click on the project name (Just Test is the project name in the figure) and choose the menu option Add. It will give you the option to choose a file type. You can choose an appropriate type.

For Winforms and WebForms you can see-the file in design mode-and the code associated with it. Double click on any form and it will,-be opened in design mode. Right click on' any form and select the menu option 'View Code' to view the--code associate with the form.

Output

Output window, located on BOTTOM LEFT corner ofVS.NET, displays the result of your project compilation. When you compile your project, all errors, warnings and compilation results will be displayed in this window.

                         

In addition to the Output window, they are few other windows located in the BOTTOM

LEFT corner of VS.NET.

Task List

Shows individual tasks. Typically, when you compile your project, all errors and warnings will be added to your task list. You can double click on any item in the task list to go directly to the code associated with the task.

Command Window

You can execute code statements here. When you are debugging, you can evaluate the' value of any variables by typing? Followed by the variable name.

Find Results

When you search for any text in file(s) using VS.NET, the results will be displayed in this window.

Projects

VS.NET allows you to create several types of projects. Most of the time you will be using one of two categories:

• Windows Application - to create any standard windows application.
• ASP.NET Web Application - to create a web site.

Creating a Project

To create a new project, choose the main menu : File > New > Project.

It will give you several options. First you must select a type from the left side of the popup. You may choose Visual Basic Projects or Visual C# projects based on the language you plan to use for development. -

After selecting a type, you choose a template from the right side. You may choose Windows Application, ASP.NET Web Application or any other template based on the nature of the application you want.

When you create a Windows Project or ASP.NET Web Project, VS.NET will add a sample file by default. You can simply Build your new project and see how it works.

Building a project

To try this, create a new Windows Project as explained above. It will create a sample form. Go to the main menu and select the menu item Build> .Build Solution.

This process will compile all the files included in your project and show you the result in the Outputwindow. If the result shows '0 failed', your build is success and your application is ready to deliver!!

To Run the application you just Built, go to the main menu and select Debug > Start without debugging. This will launch the application you just developed.

You drag and drop several controls to the form and try running it.

When you compile (build) the code, if there- is any errors or warnings, the details will be shown in the 'Task List' window. You can click on the specific item in this window to go directly to the line of code associated with the error.