Basics in OOPS

Object-oriented programming has become the most widely used approach to software development. Learn about the core concepts of object-oriented programming and how they are implemented using objects, classes and methods in this video lesson.

What Is an Object in Programming?

Object-oriented programming, or OOP, is an approach to problem solving where all computations are carried out using objects. An object is a component of a program that knows how to perform certain actions and how to interact with other elements of the program. Objects are the basic units of object-oriented programming. A simple example of an object would be a person. Logically, you would expect a person to have a name. This would be considered a property of the person. You could also expect a person to be able to do something, such as walking or driving. This would be considered a method of the person.

Code in object-oriented programming is organized around objects. Once you have your objects, they can interact with each other to make something happen. Let's say you want to have a program where a person gets into a car and drives it from A to B. You would start by describing the objects, such as a person and car. That includes methods: a person knows how to drive a car, and a car knows what it is like to be driven. Once you have your objects, you bring them together so the person can get into the car and drive.

Classes and Objects

A class is a blueprint of an object. You can think of a class as a concept, and the object is the embodiment of that concept. You need to have a class before you can create an object. So, let's say you want to use a person in your program. You want to be able to describe the person and have the person do something. A class called 'person' would provide a blueprint for what a person looks like and what a person can do. To actually use a person in your program, you need to create an object. You use the person class to create an object of the type 'person.' Now you can describe this person and have it do something.

Classes are very useful in programming. Consider the example of where you don't want to use just one person but 100 people. Rather than describing each one in detail from scratch, you can use the same person class to create 100 objects of the type 'person.' You still have to give each one a name and other properties, but the basic structure of what a person looks like is the same.

Methods and Functions

Once you have created objects, you want them to be able to do something. This is where methods come in. A method in object-oriented programming is a procedure associated with a class. A method defines the behavior of the objects that are created from the class. Another way to say this is that a method is an action that an object is able to perform. The association between method and class is called binding. Consider the example of an object of the type 'person,' created using the person class. Methods associated with this class could consist of things like walking and driving. Methods are sometimes confused with functions, but they are distinct.

A function is a combination of instructions that are combined to achieve some result. A function typically requires some input (called arguments) and returns some results. For example, consider the example of driving a car. To determine the mileage, you need to perform a calculation using the distance driven and the amount of fuel used. You could write a function to do this calculation. The arguments going into the function would be distance and fuel consumption, and the result would be mileage. Anytime you want to determine the mileage, you simply call the function to perform the calculation.

How does this differ from a method? A function is independent and not associated with a class. You can use this function anywhere in your code, and you don't need to have an object to use it.

Now, what if you were to associate the function with an object of the type 'car?' For example, you want to be able display the mileage of the car on the dashboard. In this case, the mileage calculation has become a method because it is a procedure associated with the car's class. Every time you create a new object of the type 'car' using the car class, this method will be part of the object. The action the car is now able to perform is to calculate mileage. It is the same calculation as performed by the stand-alone function but is now bound to the car.

Family Relationships to be known 2

Basic words 

father – somebody’s male parent

mother – somebody’s female parent

parent – somebody’s father or mother

son – somebody’s male child

daughter – somebody’s female child

husband – the man who a woman is married to

wife – the woman who a man is married to

spouse – somebody married to another person; husband or wife

brother – a boy or man who has the same parents as another person

sister – a girl or woman who has the same parents as another person

sibling – a brother or sister

elder brother/sister – a brother/sister who is older than you

younger brother/sister – brother/sister who is younger than you

grandfather – somebody’s parent’s father

grandmother – somebody’s parent’s mother

grandparent – somebody’s parent’s parent

great grandfather – a father of your grandparent

great grandmother – a mother of your grandparent

grandson – somebody’s son’s or daughter’s son

granddaughter – somebody’s son’s or daughter’s daughter

grandchild – somebody’s son’s or daughter’s child

uncle – somebody’s mother’s or father’s brother; your aunt’s husband

aunt – somebody’s mother’s or father’s sister; your uncle’s wife

nephew – somebody’s brother’s or sister’s son; your husband’s or wife’s brother’s or sister’s son

niece – somebody’s brother’s or sister’s daughter; your husband’s or wife’s brother’s or sister’s daughter

cousin – somebody’s parent’s brother’s or sister’s child; somebody’s aunt’s or uncle’s child

stepfather – your mother’s husband (not your real father)

stepmother – your father’s wife (not your real mother)

stepbrother – your stepfather’s or stepmother’s son (at least one of your parents is different)

stepsister – your stepfather’s or stepmother’s daughter (at least one of your parents is different)

stepson – your spouse’s son (from an earlier marriage)

stepdaughter – your spouse’s daughter (from an earlier marriage)

father-in-law – your spouse’s father

mother-in-law – your spouse’s mother

brother-in-law – your spouse’s brother

sister-in-law – your spouse’s sister

son-in-law – your daughter’s husband

daughter-in-law – your son’s wife

boyfriend – a boy or man that a girl or woman goes out with

girlfriend – a girl or woman that a boy or man goes out with

widow – a woman whose husband has died

widower – a man whose wife has died

bachelor – a man who has never been married

spinster – a woman who has never been married

single – a person who isn’t married and doesn’t have a boyfriend/girlfriend

12 Words and Phrases with Examples

1. baby – a very young child

• I always do some housework when the baby is sleeping in the afternoon.

2. infant – a baby or very young child, newborn child

• My sister is 14 years old, but sometimes she acts like an infant.

3. toddler – a young child who has just learnt to walk

• Toddlers can walk, but they don’t always talk yet.

4. marriage – legal relationship between a husband and wife

• She only has a stepdaughter from her husband’s first marriage, but she likes her as her own.
• 5. marry (sb), get married to sb – become somebody’s husband or wife
  • My father was 29 and my mother was 25 when they got married.
  6. go out (with sb) – spend time with somebody and have a romantic or sexual relationship with them
  • My parents had been going out for two years before they got married.
  • My mother doesn’t like that I go out with Tom; she says he’s too old for me.
  7. get engaged – agree to marry somebody
  • Imagine, my sister has just got engaged to a footballer, they’re planning to get married in the summer.
  8. wedding – the act of marrying, a marriage ceremony (and the meal or party that usually follows it)
• 9. bride – a woman on her wedding day, or just before or just after it
  10. (bride)groom – a man on his wedding day, or just before or just after it
  • The prince’s wedding ceremony will take place in the cathedral. Then the bride and the groom will be taken to the wedding reception in an open Rolls Royce.
  11. honeymoon – a holiday taken by a couple who have just got married
  We couldn’t go to the Bahamas on honeymoon, but we felt sitting on the top of the world even in a campsite at the local lake.
  12. divorce – the legal ending of a marriage; end your marriage legally
• Unfortunately, very many marriages end in a divorce in our country.
• She divorced her husband immediately when she learned he had a secret girlfriend.
• My friend and his wife got divorced at last, after long years of quarrel and disagreement.
• If you absolutely enjoyed this English lesson, please share it with your friends and leave your comment below! Would be great to hear from you!

Family Relationships to be known 1

Male	Female	Relationship
father	mother	parent
son	daughter	child
husband	wife	spouse
brother	sister	sibling
grandfather	grandmother	grandparents
grandson	granddaughter	grandchild
uncle	aunt	parent's sibling
nephew	niece	sibling's child
cousin	cousin	aunt's/uncle's child

Handling Job Search Rejection

Ajay went for his first round of the interview and could immediately tell that he is through. So he was not at all taken aback when he received the call for the next round with the head of the department. He was ready for it and turned out to be the finalist too, and began reciting the HR question answers. However, he could not clear the last round and was rejected!

This all may sound a little dramatic or a little familiar, but most of us have been rejected at one interview or the other. In fact, the scenario is quite common among freshers as stepping into an environment of cut throat competition from the sheltered college life is not easy!

Getting rejected in a job interview is something which should be handled normally without exaggerating, for you never know what the destiny has in store for you.

Here are a few tips on how you should deal with the rejection, and move on to better, brighter things.

1) Never take it personally

A job interview is never a parameter of your value as a professional. You were dropped only because your job application didn’t match the specific job criteria. It may or may not concern with how you shown up at the interview. Just because you didn’t turn up the best match does not mean that you’re not skilled. Remember even the best and the experienced candidates also face rejection. But only those who stay calm, positive, motivated turn out to be successful.

2) Search the perfect job perfectly

It’s no use hiding in your bed or stopping your job search after being dropped in the first interview. The better way to ward off the effects is to search smartly this time. Not researching about the company, the required profile and skills are some of the common goof ups made by job seekers.

Every job posting has a job description which you should read carefully. Further, researching about the company, its work culture and values can also be highly helpful in your perfect job search.

3) Avoid needless anguish

Some jobs are worth fighting for, but dwelling on them needlessly is not! Cutting the contacts with your friends or avoiding socializing with people will lead you nowhere. So, get up and focus on your goal of finding the right job as opposed to the wrong one.

4) Don’t beat a dead horse

Never seek explanation for the rejection directly. It gives a negative feedback of you as a person. Instead of asking directly why you were rejected, the better strategy is to seek guidance regarding the areas you should improve. Also, you may inform the interviewer that you look forward to appear for the next interview that comes up.

5) Look to the positive side

If you are a true optimist, you must believe in the adage that "everything happens for a reason" and this rejection is telling you to keep looking and moving forward.

WHAT IT SECTOR WANTS?

IT job interview is difficult. It does not mean, however, that you should give up easily on the opportunity or the pay package. In fact, you should develop negotiating skills to make the most of the opportunity in front of you. However, this skill should be used after giving your best shot at the interview. In order to help you make the best out of the interview, take a look at these do’s and don’ts.

The 5 Don’ts

1. Don’t be too demanding and unrealistic about remuneration, title etc. This is just the beginning and a way to get into the industry.
2. Don’t be rude but present your points and concerns well. The interviewer should get the feeling that you are confident and clear in your thoughts and this can also impact your pay package.
3. Don’t disrespect but don’t be overwhelmed also by the interviewer. They are just your seniors who have also gone through this phase. So, don’t make yourself too gullible in front of them, because that would give signals that you would easily agree to what they say.
4. Don’t just look at the salary offered but take into account the company, its work culture, role, scope for growth etc. Negotiate, keeping these things in mind.
5. Don’t settle for something which is way below your expectations. Instead, use your negotiating skills. Don’t hesitate to walk away from a very bad deal. This is not the last interview that you will get, there sure will be more opportunities in future.

The 5 Do’s

1. Your resume holds the water. So, highlight those parts which can help you in getting that job. Think of what a prospective employer would be interested in. Hence, build upon your resume because you would be able to negotiate on the basis of its content.
2. Understand the requirements of the job well and also the industry.
3. Keep updating and enriching yourself because you belong to an ever-dynamic and fluid IT industry. If you have knowledge about the modern-day skills, you can command monetary benefits against those skills.
4. Get a good score in exams like AMCAT, eLitmus or CoCubes. These kinds of scores help you differentiate and stand apart from the rest of the crowd.
5. Be confident and optimistic as these two skills can do wonders for you.

Get professional help

Prepare well for the interview. The better prepared you are, the better are your chances to ace the IT job interview. And if you think, you need professional help, reach out to experts in the field like TalentSprint. Firstly, they will help you prepare well and get high scores in exams like AMCAT, eLitmus or CoCubes which have become a tool to differentiate from the crowd. Secondly, they can help you get trained professionally to face the interviews with multiple sessions from both subject experts and soft skills trainers.